(1092) Financial behavior of lenders and borrows and the level of economic activity -Part(1): the demand for and supply of money and other liabilities of financial intermediaries السلوك المالي للمقرضين والمقترضين ومستوى النشاط الاقتصادي
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معهد التخطيط القومي
Abstract
يتناول هذا البحث الصادر عن معهد التخطيط القومي عام 1975 دراسة السلوك المالي للمقرضين والمقترضين وعلاقته بمستوى النشاط الاقتصادي في الدول المتقدمة، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على تجربة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية (pp. 1, يركز الجزء الأول من المذكرة على تحليل قوى العرض والطلب على النقد والالتزامات المالية الأخرى للمؤسسات الوسيطة، حيث يستعرض الأدبيات التجريبية والنماذج الاقتصادية القياسية التي تفسر كيفية تأثير السياسة النقدية وأسعار الفائدة على الطلب على النقد وسرعة دورانه، بالإضافة إلى مناقشة مدى صحة افتراض أن المعروض النقدي يتحدد كعامل خارجي مستقل كما تنتقل الدراسة في قسمها الثاني لفحص جوانب العرض والطلب المتعلقة بالودائع لأجل وودائع الادخار والالتزامات المالية الأخرى غير النقدية، موضحة الفروق بين أسعار الفائدة المرغوبة والفعلية وكيفية استجابة هذه الودائع للتغيرات في الأسعار القيود التنظيمية مثل السقوف السعرية لفائدة الودائع ويختتم البحث بالإشارة إلى أهمية فهم التشابك بين القطاعين المالي والحقيقي لتقييم فعالية السياسات النقدية ومدى سرعة انتقال أثر التغيرات في المعروض النقدي إلى الإنتاج والدخل القومي، مع التنبيه إلى أن تطبيق هذه النماذج على الدول النامية يواجه محددات تفرضها طبيعة المؤسسات والهياكل الاقتصادية الخاصة بها
This research paper provides a comprehensive survey of the empirical literature on structural financial linkages within developed economies, focusing primarily on the United States experience to elucidate the financial behaviour of lenders, borrowers, and financial intermediaries, and its subsequent impact on aggregate economic activity. The first part of the memorandum examines in detail the demand and supply functions for money and other liabilities of financial intermediaries, analyzing explanatory variables such as permanent income, wealth, and short- and long-term interest rates. It reviews the academic debate surrounding the empirical definition of money and income velocity, drawing upon prominent studies by Latané, Friedman, Chow, Laidler, and Lee, which diverge on interest elasticities and the liquidity trap hypothesis. The analysis extends to the money supply mechanism, questioning the assumption of exogeneity by demonstrating the responsiveness of money stock to structural shifts, central bank discount rates, and commercial bank loan rates. Furthermore, the paper investigates the market for time and savings deposits, outlining their demand and supply functions, how commercial banks adjust to regulatory interest rate ceilings, and the role of money substitutes like savings and loan shares. Ultimately, the survey underscores the necessity of integrating financial and non-financial variables within simultaneous-equations models to accurately gauge the relative impacts of monetary and expenditure multipliers on income formation, while noting institutional constraints that limit the direct application of these developed market models to developing nations due to the lack of local empirical evidence.
This research paper provides a comprehensive survey of the empirical literature on structural financial linkages within developed economies, focusing primarily on the United States experience to elucidate the financial behaviour of lenders, borrowers, and financial intermediaries, and its subsequent impact on aggregate economic activity. The first part of the memorandum examines in detail the demand and supply functions for money and other liabilities of financial intermediaries, analyzing explanatory variables such as permanent income, wealth, and short- and long-term interest rates. It reviews the academic debate surrounding the empirical definition of money and income velocity, drawing upon prominent studies by Latané, Friedman, Chow, Laidler, and Lee, which diverge on interest elasticities and the liquidity trap hypothesis. The analysis extends to the money supply mechanism, questioning the assumption of exogeneity by demonstrating the responsiveness of money stock to structural shifts, central bank discount rates, and commercial bank loan rates. Furthermore, the paper investigates the market for time and savings deposits, outlining their demand and supply functions, how commercial banks adjust to regulatory interest rate ceilings, and the role of money substitutes like savings and loan shares. Ultimately, the survey underscores the necessity of integrating financial and non-financial variables within simultaneous-equations models to accurately gauge the relative impacts of monetary and expenditure multipliers on income formation, while noting institutional constraints that limit the direct application of these developed market models to developing nations due to the lack of local empirical evidence.
